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A Most Glorious Power: A History of
Early Steam Engine Use and Manufacture in the Peoria, Illinois
Area
Copyright Peoria Regional Museum
Society
Introduction
Steam power was the first form of
non-biological power independent of the whims of nature, but dependent on the
service of man. Early needs were simply wood and water, to fuel the boiler and
generate the steam. Steam power has been investigated by man since the time of
Hero of Alexandria, Egypt ca. 50 AD, but it was not until the 1800's that steam
power began to live up to its promise. By that time technology had advanced
sufficiently for the accurate boring of the steam engine cylinder; ironically
due to recent (at the time) developments for boring cannon barrels (image 050).
Through the efforts of Oliver Evans in the U.S., the benefits of high pressure
steam engines were rapidly realized, leading to the revolution in steam power.
Steam boats
With the built in system of inland
waterways, a ready transport system throughout most of eastern and Midwestern
U.S. was available. However, movement upstream was difficult, and relied on
either livestock or humans for assistance with the upstream route (when
attempted at all). The successful partnership between Robert Fulton and Robert
Livingston that lead to the first sustained commercial transportation using
steam boats in 1809 quickly spread throughout the U.S. Peoria, being a river
city, was a logical stop for steamboat traffic along the Illinois
River. A steamboat first entered Peoria Lake
in 1828 (Hunt, 1857). The steamboat Triton made a delivery from St. Louis to Peoria
in 1830 (Rice 1911). The steamboats Friendship, Exchange, Utility and Peoria were stopping at Peoria in 1830 (Rice 1911). Steamboat travel
to and from Peoria
was occurring on a regular basis by 1832 (Ballance 1870). The 1844 Peoria City
directory contains advertisements for 6 different steam boats that made stops
in Peoria; the Chicago, Dove, Jasper, Mungo Park, Panama, and Raritan (image 087).
Captain Thomas Baldwin, who settled in Peoria in
the 1840s, built 26 steamboats and operated them on the Ohio
and Illinois Rivers (Johnson Co., 1880).
Although some good sized steam boats
still visited Peoria in the 1870s (image S2) and excursion boats still operated
into the early 1900s (image 029), by the 1870s steamboat travel had greatly
declined due to the coming of the railroads, and there was only one regular
steam boat packet that traveled from Peoria to St. Louis (Johnson 1880). Many
locomotives are illustrated in the 1873 Peoria County Atlas, but only a few
steamboats (image 030), (Andreas 1873). Much additional information on steam
boating in Peoria can be found in the book "Peoria!" (Klein 1985).
Steam locomotives
Because of the effectiveness of the
river transportation system (which remains in the form of grain barges),
railroads operating steam locomotives were relatively slow to come to Peoria; not until
sometime in the 1850s (Ballance, 1870). In 1857, the Peoria
and Bureau RR ran to west Burlington, and east
to Bureau, where it connected with the Chicago
and Rock Island
(Hunt, 1857). The Peoria
and Oquawka RR traveled eastward, where it connected with the Illinois Central
(Hunt 1857). In 1923, Peoria
was served by 15 different railroads (Jenkins 1923). Locomotives have always been
of particular interest in the area and were featured in the Atlas' published in
the 1870s (image 043). Many companies did not last for long (image 068).
Steam powered locomotives traveled
the rails of Peoria for approximately 100 years. The following information
comes from "Toledo, Peoria and Western: Tried Proven and
Willing" (Stringham 1993), and is illustrative of the acquisition of
locomotives typical of a railroad over several decades. The Peoria and Oquawka was organized in 1849.
Early locomotives were wood burners and had 4 leading truck wheels and 4 drive
wheels (4-4-0 configuration). In 1853 the locomotives "Burlington"
and "Peoria", weighing 23 tons each and manufactured by
Hinkley and Drury Works arrived on a barge towed by a steamboat. They were
overhauled in 1855. The locomotive "William S. Moss" arrived from
Hinkley Works in 1856. The locomotive "Competitor" (image 039)
arrived from Latham and Co. Works in 1856. The locomotives "Hancock"
and "Carthage" arrived from Cincinnati Works in 1858. Due to
indebtedness, the P&O sold 6 locomotives in 1859.
The Toledo, Peoria and Warsaw was
organized from a portion of the P&O in 1864. Some of the older locomotives
of the 15 total were rebuilt in 1864. The 1860s were a period of extensive locomotive
acquisition. In 1867, 3 locomotives arrived from the Rhode Island Locomotive
Works, with 6 more in 1868, and 13 more in 1869. In 1868, four locomotives were
purchased from the Portland Locomotive Works. In 1872 a switch engine was
purchased from the Rhode Island Works, giving a total of 45 locomotives with 27
usable (image 040), (image 041).
In 1880 the Toledo Peoria and Warsaw
became the Toledo, Peoria and Western. As part of the tracking use agreements,
the famous "Wabash Cannonball" traveled through Peoria in the early 1880s. Nearly all of the
locomotives were still 4-4-0s until the 1890s. In 1895, four 2-8-0 locomotives
were obtained from Rogers Locomotive Works; with another four in 1896 and two
more in 1898. In 1904, five 2-8-0s passenger locomotives (which have larger
diameter drive wheels and so go faster per piston impulse compared to freight
locomotives) were obtained from Baldwin Locomotive Works, with five more in
1905. In 1925, TP&W owned 28 locomotives, with 20% usable. Four 2-8-2 locomotives
were purchased from the American Locomotive Company in 1927. Six used
locomotives were purchased in 1929. The last steam locomotive (#80) was retired
and scrapped at Keystone Steel and Wire in 1950.
The TP&Warsaw also used a Corliss
stationary steam engine in their machine shops at the bottom of Persimmon Hill,
starting in 1872. A steam powered railroad drawbridge was built by the
TP&Western over the Illinois River at Peoria
in 1890.
The Peoria and Pekin Union (P&PU)
originated from the Peoria, Pekin and Jacksonville Railroad (founded in 1863),
the Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway, the Peoria Decatur and Evansville
Railroad and the Indiana, Bloomington and Western Railway (Mueller
1980). Eight locomotives were ordered in 1881 from Hinkley Locomotive Works and
Portland Locomotive Works. A total of 12 locomotives had been acquired by 1882
(image 042). Five 0-6-0 switchers were purchased in 1893, two more unspecified
locomotives were purchased in 1895, and an additional locomotive in 1896. In 1936,
P&PU had 38 steam locomotives in operation. In 1952, the last steam
locomotive was retired.
Early Chicago, Rock Island and
Pacific locomotives were of the 4-4-0 design (Hayes 1953). The locomotives
"Antoine Le Claire", "Muscatine"
and "Davenport"
were delivered in 1855 and made by Paterson (Hayes 1953). One of the most
famous Rock Island locomotives was the "America",
which was plated with German silver. It was built by the Grant Works for the
Universal Exposition in Paris in 1867 (Hayes 1953) (image 051). A listing of
steam locomotives purchased by The Chicago, Rock
Island and Pacific (which includes Peoria landmark #886, purchased in 1909 from
ALCO)(image 082) and Illinois Central RR since 1900, is provided by Drury
(1993). Sizes and sources ranged from 0-6-0s built by the railroad and also
obtained from Baldwin, Brooks, Pittsburgh and Richmond from 1901 - 1919 to a number of 2-10-2s obtained
from Schenectady
and Brooks from 1918-1925. The last steam locomotive purchase by CR&P
occurred in 1927 and consisted of twenty five 2-8-2s purchased from Schenectady, some of
which ran until 1953. A similar range in sizes was purchased by Illinois
Central after 4-4-0s, including those built in 1880 by Rogers Locomotive Works
(image 047) were phased out. The 0-6-0s came from Baldwin, Brooks, Lima,
Pittsburgh, Rogers, Schenectady plus some made by the railroad; from 1898-1929.
Eighty seven 4-8-2s were built by Illinois Central from 1937 to 1943.
The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy
Railroad was formed in 1849 from the Aurora Branch railroad, the Peoria and
Oquawka Railroad, and the Central Military Tract that was originally chartered
in Galesburg (Corbin and Kerka 1960). It initially leased a 4-2-0 locomotive
"Pioneer" (image 052) from the Galena & Chicago Union (Corbin and
Kerka 1960). An extensive listing of locomotives is provided by Corbin and
Kerka (1960), from which the following information is derived. In 1858, the
company owned approximately 60 locomotives, of which approximately 45 were in
running order. Most of these had 4 drivers and made by Amoskeag Manufacturing
Co. and Manchester Locomotive works, although there were several with 6 that
were made by Amoskeag Manufacturing Co. and Detroit Locomotive Works. The steam
engine cylinder diameters ranged from 13 to 16 inch and strokes were 16 to 24
inch. A lot of the earlier locomotives were very fancy in the 1850s and 1860s,
such as one built by Rogers Locomotive works in 1863 (image 054). Designs were
still relatively elegant in the 1870s, such as ones build by Baldwin in 1871,
including those with "balloon" stack (image 045). Other boiler forms
were made by the CB&Q Aurora shop, such as a hump backed form built by the
Aurora shop in 1895 (image 046). Locomotive designs progressed similarly to
other railroads at the concurrent time, with 0-6-0s built from 1885 to 1913
primarily by C,B&Q shops and Baldwin, to 2-10-4s built by Baldwin
in 1927. Some of these C,B&Q locomotives survived into the 1960s and were
donated to various locations.
Flour and sawmill steam engines
Many portions of New
England were able to take advantage of swiftly moving streams to
use water power for running machinery such as that in flour mills used to grind
corn or wheat. Other portions of the U.S. suffered from the vagaries of Mother
Nature, such that mill streams flooded in the spring, dried up in the summer,
were clogged with leaves in the fall, and froze in the winter (Pursell 1969).
Nevertheless, some water powered mills did exist in the Peoria area, mainly along different portions
of Kickapoo Creek (Ballance, 1870). Although Evans Mill, now only marked by the
road of the same name near Kickapoo and Dunlap, closed around 1870s, it
remained standing for quite some time until it was torn down in 1908 for the
oak timbers.
The rest of the Peoria area adopted
steam power for manufacturing relatively early for a city without major
manufacturing industries, as by 1832 there were maybe 300-500 steam engines in
the entire U.S., with relatively few located in the Midwest other than the Ohio
Valley (Hunter 1985). The first steam saw mill was opened by W. Williams, but
it only lasted a year or two (Ballance, 1870). The 1844 city directory lists
two steam powered flour mills (Orin Hamlin, John Rankin) (image M0) and two steam powered
saw (lumber) mills (James C. Armstrong, Orr & Schnebly). The
Armstrong sawmill was owned by various people over the years, including the
Moss and Bradley families (Ballance 1870). All of these mills were located at
the river’s edge to take advantage of river transport. A mill was built in the
upper end of Pottstown township in 1835
(Hale's Mill) which used water until that gave out in 1848, when it was
converted to steam power. It lasted as a mill until 1869 (Johnson Co. 1880). A
steam saw mill was also operating in 1857 (Hunt, 1857). The steam engines for
these facilities were probably shipped in from other major manufacturers of
steam engines, such as St. Louis.
Other early flour mills were operated by James McCall and Isaac Moore (Ballance
1870). There were 7 steam powered flour mills in 1870 (Fort Clark Mill, City
Mill, Diamond Mill, Globe Mill, Fayette Mill, Home Mill and Chase's Mill
(Ballance 1870). The mills had from 4 to 9 pairs of French Burr mill stones.
Woods and Houseman operated a large steam powered mill in the Elmwood area
until it burned in 1869 (Johnson Co. 1880). In the 1873 Peoria County Atlas
(Andreas 1873) several mills are illustrated, including in Peoria, Clark Hanna
& Co. (image 031), J.J. Rogers & Co. (image 032), in Elmwood, Union
Mills owned by William Holz (image 035), in Glasford W. M Davis, (image 033)
and in Princeville, Princeville Mills (image 037).
Grain elevators powered by steam
engines were in operation in Easton, Mason City, and Natrona (all in Mason Co.,
IL) in the 1870s (Blair et al. 1879), and in Pekin, Richard and Gills, (image 036); Smith Hippen & Co., (image 034) and Delevan, R.C.
Moore, (image 048) (all in Tazewell County, IL) (Andreas 1871). However, no
comparable reports for the Peoria
area have been located. Presumably the situation would have been similar in
Peoria Co. A grain elevator was first erected in Peoria in 1866 (Johnson 1880). In 1880, the
Advance, Elevator "A", Fort Clark and Union Elevators were in operation in Peoria (Johnson 1880).
Steam engine manufacture
It is uncertain exactly when the first steam engine was built in Peoria. Henry Hahn is reported to have built the first steam engine in Peoria prior to 1850 using blacksmithing tools, and it was used to power a carding machine that was used to card wool (Ballance 1870). However, this information has not been confirmed by any period sources. Hick's Carding Machine location is illustrated in what appears to be present day Hick's Hollow Road area in northern Peoria County in the 1939 Peoria county map (PRNWG 1839), but any association with the Hahn information is unknown at this point. Hahn was listed as a machinist in the 1844 City Directory (Image B0), and was listed as a coseller for a steam engine from a steam boat (along with J.C. Armstrong - who owned mills and later manufactured steam engines in the 1880s - see below) in 1840; they suggested it could be used to power a mill (PTNWG 1840). Hahn was also listed as the installer of a steam engine made for mill work by the Moore facility in 1855 (see below), and as an engineer in the Peoria City Directory of 1856. Thus, it appears Hahn had the technical skills and familiarity with steam engines to have built one.
Newspaper ads indicate several facilities had the capability of casting, boring and milling parts for steam engines in the 1840s, including Luke Woods foundry in 1846 ( Image 141)(PDP, 1846), and the Illinois Foundry of Peoria in 1847 (PDP, 1847).Thus, a source of parts, which could be fitted and assembled by a skilled machinist, was available prior to 1850. The scarcity of city directories during Peoria's early years (they were only produced in 1844, 1850 and 1855 up until 1855, when they were produced on a more regular basis) makes determining an exact date of the first manufacture of a steam engine in the Peoria area more difficult, and will now require reading period newspapers, which is in progress.
Steam engines were definitely being manufactured by different establishments in Peoria in the 1850s. The City Brass and Iron Foundry, established in 1850, and owned by William Moore, appears to have been the major steam engine builder at the time. They were prepared to make castings for steam engines in 1851 ( Image 142) (PCD, 1851). In an 1855 newspaper article, it states CB&IW had produced an engine that was being shipped by rail to Chillicothe to power a saw mill (PWDP, 1855). They had been producing engines for two years and had several more orders pending (PWDP, 1855). Another article indicated in 1856 they were producing about and engine a month, with cylinder diameters of 6 to 16 inches, and costing from $350 to $1800 (PWDP 1856). These engines would have been suitable for powering flour mills or steam boats, based on comparable sized engines reported in the 1838 Treasury Department Steam engine survey for Louisville, KY (U.s. Treasure, 1839). William Peters, who established a foundry prior to 1850 (PCD, 1850) is also listed as a steam engine manufacturer in 1856 ( Image 143)(PCD 1856). Engines may also have been produced by Luke Woods' Brass and Iron Foundry around 1851, as they also had machining capability (PCD, 1856), as did the New Blacksmith and Machine Shop owned by Thomas Scholey at the same time (PCD, 1856).
After the Civil War, there were up to 5 different steam engine builders in Peoria (including H.G. Anderson & Co., City Iron Foundry and Machine Shop and others mentioned below) which dwindled to two (Nicol, Burr & Co, and Voris Foundry and Machine Shop) by 1870. Although there are reports that some of these foundries also produced cannons during the Civil War (PDP, 1862, 1863), there is no information whether they produced steam engines for the various Union ships and boats, which were very numerous (U.S. Navy, 1971); but this seems possible. The earliest image of a steam engine manufactured in Peoria found so far shows a portable steam engine made by Phelan and Baldwin in 1867 ( Image 144) (PCD, 1867); who were making the portables as Phelan and Younger in 1865 (PCD, 1865). The engine part of this machine (other than the flywheel) appears very similar to that of the brewery engine from the Peoria area now on display at the Powerhouse Building at McMilliam Park, Mt. Pleasant IA (see below). Hall, Hopkins and Co. are reported as locomotive rebuilders and manufacturers in 1863 (PDT, 1863), and Hall Burr & Co. took over the Peoria Foundry around 1865 (PCD, 1865).
Nicol, Burr & Co. were first established under that name in 1865 (Johnson 1880) and took over the Peoria Foundry (which existed as that name and others since 1844) from William Peters (Edwards, 1876). Partners in Nicol, Burr & Co. were William Nicol, J.D. Burr, William Rutherford and M. McAleenman (Johnson Co. 1880). Nicol, Burr & Co. built 7 steam engines in either 1869 or 1870 (Ballance, 1870). Nicol, Burr & Co. built two steam engines for the Monarch Mills in 1879 (Johnson, 1880). They also produced the Peoria Trip Hammer (presumably steam powered) in 1868-1870 ( Image 145)(PCD 1870). City Directory ads indicate Nicol Burr & Co. continued to build steam engines through the 1870s ( Image 073) and 1880s ( Image 079). Edwards (PCD, 1876) reports in 1876 "It is here (the factory, which has 45 employees) eminently just to notice a specialty which they have in the way of a stationary engine. It is one of the best that is produced in the country. The satisfaction that it has given those who have used it is exemplified by the flattering reputation it has as a first class engine. The superiority of this engine over many others placed upon the market, remains unquestioned by those who through experience have become familiar with it and know its value" (Edwards,
1876). A standardized engine is shown in the City Directories of 1882-1887 ( Image 146)(PCD, 1884). Another version is shown in 1888 and 1889 ( Image 078)(PCD, 1889) and yet another version in 1892 ( Image 147)(PCD, 1892), with a promise of another version to come out the following year. An image of a steam engine in Franks Printing ( Image 148) (Arts Printing, 1888) is believed to have been made by Nicol Burr & Co. based on the characteristic design of the valve chest. In 1887, NIcol, Burr & Co. had a large manufacturing facility ( Image 149)(PCD, 1887), and issued a catalog showing available patterns (Gould, 1887). The last listing for Nicol Burr & Co. is in the 1893 Peoria City directory, although William Nicol is listed as a Peoria resident after that date. Possibly the financial panic of 1893 was the undoing of the company. It would be interesting to determine what influence they may have had on the Avery and Rouse Steam Thresher Company when they started to produce steam tractors in the 1890s (see below).
Voris Foundry and Machine Shop (later Voris Steam Engine Works) was building both horizontal and vertical engines in 1865 ( Image 150)(PCD, 1865). They continued to build steam engines until around 1877, when Samuel Voris went to work for the H.T. Baldwin & Co, Boiler and Sheet Iron Works (PCD, 1877).
Industrial Works, owned by Mosher and Armstrong, did engine repairs and sold materials related to steam engines (boilers, pumps, valves, etc) in 1882 (PCD, 1882). It was solely owned by James C. Armstrong (possibly related to the earlier Armstrong involved in milling) and produced steam engines at least through 1900 ( Image 151) (PCD, 1883) ( Image 152) (PCD, 1893), although no images
of the engines have yet been located.
Other companies produced steam engines for a short period of time. McAleenan and Co., who operated the Vulcan Iron Works, made steam engines in 1890 ( Image 153)(PCD 1890). McGill Iron Works Co. did contract work to manufacture steam engines in 1894 and 1895 ( Image 154)(PCD 1894).
The involvement of the Averys in steam tractor distribution and manufacture is described under the section on steam tractors. This operation is somewhat confusing, as the Avery and Rouse Steam Thresher Co. is listed in the Peoria City Directory starting in 1893, and a Peoria City Directory ad from 1895 clearly indicates the Avery Planter Company manufactured planters and tilling machinery, while the Avery and Rouse Steam Thresher Company manufactured steam engines and threshers ( Image 155). Avery Planter became Avery Manufacturing Company in 1899, but listings for Avery and Rouse Steam Thresher Company are still found in the 1901 city directory. A listing in the 1899 city directory indicates the two companies were located at the same address, and had the same president (Cyrus Avery) and vice president (J.B. Bartholomew), but different secretaries and treasurers (neither of which was George Rouse). By 1900, 450 steam engines were being produced ( Image 156)(Frank, 1900). A 1903 Avery and Rouse steam tractor is shown by Norbeck (1981).
Other foundries made materials used with steam engines and in some cases steam pumps. There were steam engine supply companies as well; a few examples follow. Frazer, Thompson and Co. distributed different steam pumps in 1870, including vertical ones ( Image 157)(PCD 1870). Peoria Brass and Copper Works made parts for steam engine builders in 1873 ( image 161, Andreas 1873). Kinsey and Mahler, brass founders, coppersmiths and plumbers, also sold steam pumps in 1882 ( Image 158)(PCD 1882). George Rouse and Son sold steam traction engines and other agricultural machinery in 1884 ( Image 159) (Gould, 1884), and existed as Rouse, Hazard and Co. in 1892 (Frank, 1892). As indicated above, Avery and Rouse Steam Threshing Company existed at least by 1893. Peoria Supply Company sold steam engines for several years (ca. 1890 - 1900) ( Image 160)(Frank, 1891). Steam tractors
Steam powered farm machinery was well
developed in the U.S. by the 1850s and 1860s, when horse drawn portable steam
engines (image 075) were used. Self propelled engines were developed shortly thereafter,
but were not widely manufactured until the 1890s. Their main use was threshing
(separating grain from straw and hulls), and owners and their crews would move
the tractors from farm to farm (image 028). During the off season they were
often used to power sawmills. A steam plow was imported by England and used in Mason Co. in 1868 (Blair et
al. 1879); presumably steam power farming had also occurred in Peoria at least by this time. A steam
traction engine, steam powered corn sheller, and thresher were built by William
Colwell of Chillicothe IL, and used throughout the County in 1880 (Johnson Co.,
1880).
Robert and Cyrus Avery were a part of
the steam engine manufacturing Frost Company (image 003) before they formed
their own company in Galesburg, and were exposed to steam engine manufacturing
during this period. Avery Company, which was primarily a producer of farm
implements after it relocated from Galesburg to Peoria in 1882, started
to market steam tractors made by Huber sometime before 1891, and then began to
manufacture their own by 1891 (Rhode 2009). Avery produced a number of
different steam tractors over the years (Table 1). Initially they were called
"New Elward", and based on the J.H. Elward patent of 1883; use of
this name was dropped by 1895 (Rhode 2009), (image 025). This early form was a
return flue type, which was the most common model they initially produced (image
008), (image 004), (image 006), (image 007). They made a unique form, an
"undermount" where the engine was mounted below the boiler (most
engines were mounted on the upper side of the boiler), (image 001), (image 012),
(image 083), (image 011). Advantages of this design were that the boiler was
not used to support other tractor components (as they were on other steam
tractors) and the engine was more accessible for repair (and dirt!). Later,
Avery made a straight flue single cylinder engine, which was the most common
form made over type by other manufacturers, such as Case (image 010). Avery
made many different models of steam tractor, including in 1901 (image 005), (image
T15), with the largest number from around 1909-1913 (Table 1); return flue
models were also available as portable and skid mounted. They ceased
manufacturing steam tractors around 1920. In 1913 they were selling both steam
powered and gasoline powered tractors.
The Colean Manufacturing Co., located
in East Peoria, made steam tractors from 1898-1908 after first distributing
Buffalo Pitts steam tractors (Spalding and Rhode 2008)(image 019), (image 080).
Ads in available issues of The American Thresherman (TAM) indicate they made a
15, 18 and 25 hp tractors in December of 1904(image 016), a 30 hp tractor in
June 1906(image 017), and a two cylinder tractor in August 1907 (image 018).
Although their ads were clever, they eventually went bankrupt. After undergoing
bankruptcy, their factory was bought by the Holt Manufacturing Co. of Stockton
CA, which set up the Holt Caterpillar Company (Caterpillar 1990); although it
is questionable whether any steam powered tractors were made there. Holt merged
with Best to form Caterpillar in 1925 (Caterpillar 1990). A Reeves Co. plant
was located in Peoria
(Klein 1997), but it is unclear whether they made steam tractors there; most
likely they did some steam tractor distribution. M.M. Baker & Co. of Peoria
distributed Advance steam tractors (image 021), (TAM Jan. 1904), and the Wright
Machine Co. of Peoria distributed Birdsall tractors (image 020), (TAM March
1904). Many steam tractor manufacturers had branch offices in Peoria (Table 2). Thus, steam tractors make
by manufacturers other than Avery were also used in the Peoria area. Roy Wilcox
operated a steam tractor and thresher in the Chillicothe area (image 093).
Steam engine powered fire engine
water pumps
For a city of its size, Peoria had
relatively few steam powered water pumpers and no self propelled ones. Early
pumpers were pumped by hand, with several men on each side. Two restored hand
pumpers, one owned by the Peoria Regional Museum Society, are on display at the
Wheels O' Time Museum. As buildings became taller, this
manpowered pumping became inadequate. Steam engine powered fire pumpers were
developed in 1840 (Bentley 1953) but were not common until the mid 1860s. The
steam engine portion of the pumper is pretty well hidden except for the air
pressure reservoir (image 064). Many were very elegant, but required lots of
polishing (image 084), (image 085).
The following information is from
Peoria Firefighters: A Proud History, by Brignall and Baker (1999). The Central
City Company purchased a 400 gallon per minute (gpm) Amoskeag pumper (image 065)
in 1864. The Germania Company #3 purchased a William Jeffers & Co. pumper (image
056) in 1867. The Amoskeag pumper lasted a relatively short time, and was sold
in 1869 after the installation of the Fire Departments water works. No further
steam pumpers were purchased until 1883 when a 500 gpm Ahrens pumper (image 062)
was purchased and sent to Steamer company #1 at Station 6. A new Fox boiler was
put in this engine in 1902. A Clapp & Jones 750 gpm steam pumper (image 057),
(image 063) was purchased in 1884 and went to Steamer Company #2 at Station #2.
A new Continental boiler was put in this engine in 1907. A 700 gpm Button steam
pumpers was purchased in 1888 (image 058) and it went to Steamer Company #3 at
the Central Station. The first gasoline engine pumper was purchased in 1912,
signaling the beginning of the end of the steam pumper era. The steam pumper
referred to as "Old John Warner" (the Button pumper?) was sent to the
local junkyard in 1917, but the two remaining ones were held in reserve still
(Brignall and Baker 1999).
Steam powered water pumping.
Engineering efforts to move water
from where it exists to where it is needed have occurred since the time of the
ancient Egyptians farming efforts 5000 years ago. While wells or cisterns are
suitable for farms or villages with low populations, increasingly dense
populations necessitated for centralized water distribution. Roman aqueducts
built in Europe still exist today. Most areas
cannot take advantage of topographical arrangements to deliver water.
increasing industrialization also increased the demands of water for
processing, fire fighting, and (yes) keeping boilers filled for steam engine
use (Hunter 1985). Initially water was pumped into water reservoirs that were
mounted high on towers (that are still used today) for subsequent gravity feed,
but soon water was delivered by direct pumping (Hunter 1985). Geographic
conditions of Philadelphia let to early adoption of steam use by 1800, but
steam engine pumped water was not widely used until the 1850s (Hunter 1985).
Water might be pumped by conventional steam engines with large flywheels, by
engines with walking beams having the steam piston at one end and the water
piston at the other, by other types of engines, or by steam pumps that had no
rotating or reciprocating parts other than the pistons and valve rods.
Peoria initially could rely directly
on river water transport in "water wagons" or individual artesian
wells (Drown 1844), but eventually the growing population and industrialization
(especially the brewing and distillery industries) necessitated construction of
a centralized water works.
Holly Mfg. Co. steam engines and
pumps (image 060) were initially used to pump water directly from Peoria lake
into the water mains in 1869 (Johnson 1880).
A Cameron (image 059) and a Dean (image 061) pump (presumably steam
pumps) were added in 1875 (Johnson 1880). A Worthington Pump was initially used
when the present Waterworks was built in 1890, and an additional pumping
station built in 1914 used a 5 story, triple expansion steam engine (Anonymous
1945). This huge engine sat mostly below ground and was retired in 1935.
Steam powered electrical
generators
Thomas Edison's development of a
practical incandescent light bulb stimulated the development of the electrical
power industry. Prior to this invention, "arc lights", where
electricity would arc across carbon rods in Frankenstein's laboratory style
were used. This was useful for outdoor lighting, but was too annoying, smoky,
smelly, and maintenance requiring to be practical in homes or businesses (Moran
2002). Edison championed the use of DC current
and set up power production facilities in several cities and private homes with
DC generators, but the voltage drop over distance and larger amounts of copper
wire needed ultimately limited its practicality (Moran 2002). George
Westinghouse, inventor of the air brake system for locomotives (Westinghouse
Air Brake Company = WABCO) championed the use of AC power. Westinghouse also
wisely hired electrical genius Nikola Tesla (after he left the employ of Edison because of being cheated out of promised fees) who
developed a practical AC electric motor. Westinghouse won the current battle,
but lost the voltage battle (a minor issue) as his systems ran at 50 volts,
while Edison's ran at 110 (Moran 2002).
However, the standard flyball
governors used on most steam engines at that time were not sufficiently
responsive to prevent annoying dimming and brightening of lights as the speed
of the engine (and thus the voltage output) changed (Hunter 1985). Ultimately
high speed, shaft governed steam engines were developed specifically for the
electrical power industry, which provided more stable voltage output (both
flyball governed and shaft governed steam engines are on display at the Wheels
O' Time Museum).
The Jenney Electric Light and Power
Company was organized in Peoria in 1883, and obtained the city contract for
street lighting in 1885 (Klein 1985). Several steam engines were used to drive
the generators (image 014). More to come...
Steam powered automobiles.
Steam powered road vehicles were
developed in the 1700s, and in the early 1800s in the U.S., but did
not become practical until the 1890s. Over 100 different manufacturers built
steam powered automobiles in the U.S.,
including three companies in Illinois; Elgin, Lanark and Sterling
(1901-1902) (Bentley 1953). The three most prolific steam car producers were
Locomobile (1898-1903 steam, - 1929 gasoline), Stanley (1897-1925) and White
(1901-1910). Steam engines were typically two cylinder (image 053), (image 055)
and some were made small enough to be adapted for motorcycles (image 049). Most
steam autos were built the early part of the 1900s, but there was a resurgence
in the 1920s as technology of boiler building improved so that cars could
raise operating steam pressure in less than 5 min. The Stanley race car "Beetle" set a
land speed record of 127.66 mph in 1906. This record has never been equaled by
a car of a comparable weight (less than 2500 lbs).
Peoria, being a thriving metropolis
around 1900 (and the home for a while of the first American production
automobile company owners, the Duryeas) had a variety of automobiles cruising
the city and scaring the horses from a relatively early date. A photo showing a steam auto built by L.H.
Wykle after 1900 is shown in "Peoria Business" (Wheeler 1998). More
to come...
Road building and construction
Although horse drawn graders and wagons helped
with road building, the application of steam power greatly sped up the process.
Steam traction engines could pull graders and hall wagons of rock and dirt,
although steam powered trucks and wagons also existed for lighter work. Steam
shovels (such as those made for many years by Bucyrus) could do the serious
lifting and moving, and were used in the building of the Panama Canal (ex-President
Theodore Roosevelt is shown in a photo operating one). Before and after asphalt
was developed, steam rollers would compress and level the applied road surface.
For a short time (approximately 1909-1913), Avery Company offered a
shovel/crane adapted steam traction engine (image 002), (image 009). Steam
shovels were used for road building or other purposes in the area such as this one used for dredging near
Chillicothe (image 091).
Manufacturing
As indicated earlier, steam engines were used to
power a variety of pieces of manufacturing equipment that would now be powered
by electric motors. Smaller engines were sometimes used like electric motors
are today, to power specific pieces of machinery. In the 1850-1870, these were
often "walking beam" engines (image 076), and later, smaller versions
of conventional engines, the smallest of which were used in popcorn poppers (image
074). In other cases, smaller steam engines and boilers were attached to wooden
skids (rails) so they could be slid. In other cases smaller boilers and steam
engines were mounted on wheeled platforms (image 077). However, in most cases
large steam engines were placed in the lower level of buildings. The steam
engine power was transferred to the pieces of equipment in upper floors through
an often complicated network of overhead shafts, pulleys, and belts. Interior
views of a variety of Peoria manufacturers in 1923, including Haag Brothers
Co., Herschel Manufacturing Company (image 027), Keystone Steel and Wire Co. (image
067), Peoria Creamery (image 072), Sutliff & Case Co., and Wilson Grocery
(Jenkins 1923) show the overhead shafts and belting to equipment used in the
manufacturing processes at the respective firms.
Steam engine powered manufacturing
was used in 1880 by Hearst, Dunn & Co., an agricultural implements
producer, and by Nicol, Burr & Co. (Ballance 1870). Johnson & Co.
(1880) report the use of a wide variety of steam engines in different
situations not previously mentioned. Steam engines were used to power machinery
in the Elmwood Machine Works and Elmwood Paper Manufacturing Company in 1878.
W.T. Phelps and Son manufactured bricks in the Elmwood area. A steam engine was
used to run the brick machines, and then used in the winter to run a sawmill.
Phelps and Lece operated a coalmine near Elmwood, which had a steam engine
added to the operation in 1867 (Johnson Co. 1880), (presumably used to power a hoist).
Steam was used to power printing presses in Ben Franklin Printing, and in the
S.A. Fuller Steam Laundry in Peoria.
The Chillicothe Paper Mill was
founded in 1889 (Bradley 1995). A steam pump was used to bring water from the
Senachewine Creek to the mill at a rate of 500 gpm, the straw was run from the
pile to the cutter in a carrier driven by a 25 hp steam engine, and three
engines of 140 hp each were used to power the rest of the facility, with
another 100 hp engine added after 1893 (Bradley 1995). The chief engineers were
William Stewardson and John Lamphere.
Brewing/distilling
Steam engines were used to run belt
shafting to power various machinery (image 026c) and steam pumps (image 086)
were used to pump liquids. The Kidd, Francis and Co. distillery, the largest
distillery in the world at the time (1880) utilized two "large and
powerful" steam engines housed in a room 37 x 100 ft. (Johnson, 1880). The
facility also used 5 Dean pumps (presumably steam pumps) to pump both water and
distillate (Johnson 1880).
Where are Peoria area steam engines now?
Where are the steam engines used and
built in the Peoria area today? Thanks to dedicated preservationists throughout
U.S.
and the world, there are several operating Avery steam tractors and some Colean
steam tractors (see above). Both a nonoperational Avery Co. and a Nichols &
Shepard steam tractor are at Three Sisters Park
in Chillicothe, IL. Old 886, a Rock Island line steam
locomotive that traveled to and through Peoria, is owned by the Peoria Regional Museum Society
and on display at the Wheels O' Time Museum
(see above) (image 082). The story is not as positive for many of the unsung
stationary engines. Only one is known for sure, a Clarage steam engine powered
blower fan located outside and preserved at Lucas Iron Works on
Washington Street in Peoria (image 081). A report from a 1963 issue of
Engineers and Engines shows an 1884 steam engine from a Brewery near Peoria
that was carried to shows (image 026c). The restored engine is currently on
display at Mt. Pleasant, IA McMillian Park powerhouse (image 096c). Many Peoria
area steam engines and other historic engines are thought to have perished when
"Rust Valley", a huge collection of engines and other old iron
(including cannon) was declared an eyesore by the City of East Peoria in the
late 1980s and the owner was only given a short time to remove them or face a
huge fine; nearly all were scrapped.
Any information on other stationary
engines built or used in the Peoria
area that are still in existence would be appreciated.
Places in the Peoria area to see
steam engines:
Within 1 hr.
Steam Locomotives
Wheels
O' Time Museum, Dunlap,
IL. Chicago, Rock Island and #886 ALCO steam locomotive
built in 1909 owned by the Peoria
Regional Museum Society on display. Visitors can enter the cab and ring the
bell, blow an electronic whistle simulation based on the original steam
whistle, and "run" the locomotive electronically.
Miller Park, Bloomington, IL
Stationary steam engines used
mainly in manufacturing
Wheels
O' Time Museum: Circa 1870 20 hp oil drilling/pumping steam engine with
cylinder converted for gasoline/internal combustion circa 1910; ca. 3 hp
lineshaft driver steam engine belted to lineshaft and powering several tools in
a machine shop, popcorn maker steam engine, several steam engine models and
toys, steam whistles that can be blown.
Steam engines used in farming
Marshall-Putnam Antique Association
Tractor and Engine Show: Johnson Park, Lacon, IL. Typically the second weekend
of June. Some steam tractors and scale tractors on display.
Three Sisters Park: Unrestored
Avery straight flue and Nichols Shepard straight flue tractors (not
operational). May be on display during Ag Show in late August.
Within 2 hr.
Pontiac, IL.
Several operating steam tractors. Static display of some stationary steam
engines, with one sometimes operating. Show usually Labor Day weekend. If
you're lucky you will see the steam powered trip hammer shape red-hot metal.
McMillam
Park, Mt. Pleasant, IA: Largest number of operating steam tractors in the
U.S. (typically includes both Avery and Colean tractors as well as those by
many other makers). This includes portions of a large building with varying
sizes of steam engines operating on steam, including small models up to a few
very large ones, plus operating steam locomotives. Show usually Labor Day
weekend. Will occasionally show steam powered automobiles and steam pumper fire
engines.
Shows throughout the U.S. can be
found in the Farm
Collector Show Directory.
Periodicals related to steam
engines
Engineers
and Engines: Semimonthly. Antique agricultural steam and gas tractor and
engine use, some information on locomotives.
Iron
Age: Antique Agricultural Steam Use. Many period photos.
Horn and Whistle. Mainly
concentrating on the title information, but also has information on stationary
steam engines occasionally. hornwhistlepub@aol.com
Farm Collector
Magazine: Occasionally has information on steam engines. webpage has link
to Steam Traction magazine (no longer published) back issues.
Acknowledgements
We thank Pat Dowd, Kevin Engquist,
John H. Parks, John Rosa, William F. Trent, Chris Wahlmark and Richard Wilhelm
for contributions to this work. The assistance of personnel from the Cullom
Davis Library, Special Collections, at Bradley University; Peoria Public
Library; Princeville Heritage Museum; Chillicothe Historical Society; and
Wheels O' Time Museum in obtaining relevant material is also appreciated.
Special thanks to Dan Daugherty, Brenda Stant and Sam Shublom for help locating
the Peoria brewery engine (image 096c).
Dedicated to the steam enthusiasts
that helped preserve steam engines and steam history in the Peoria area, but
are no longer with us, such as Harry and Joe McCosh, the Mueller brothers of
Princeville, and Paul Stringham.
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Books, New York.
191 pp. (051)
American Thresher Magazine. see text
for dates. (016, 017, 018, 019, 020, 021).
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Andreas, Lyter & Co., Davenport,
IA. 101 pp.(034, 035, 048).
Andreas, A.T. 1871. Atlas Map of Fulton County, Illinois.
Andreas, Lyter & Co., Davenport, IA. (043).
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031, 032, 033, 036, 037).
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Avery Manufacturing Company. 1901.
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Feeders: Price List. 4 pp.(005,T15).
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Avery Company. 1909. Thresher Supply
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Avery Company. 1913. 1913 Price List.
12 pp.
Avery Company 1914. Avery Steam Traction
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Plows, Separators and Steam Engines. 80 pp.(010).
Ballance, C. 1870. The History of
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Bentley, J. 1953. Oldtime Steam Cars.
Fawcett Books, Greenwich, CN. 144 pp.
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W.H., Ruggles, J.M., Warnock, J.C. 1879. The History of Menard and Mason
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Bradley, J.L. 1995. The History of
Chillicothe, Illinois., Chillicothe Township, North Chillicothe, Rome and
Northhampton. Chillicothe Historical
Society, Chillicothe, IL. 232 pp.
Brignall, D. and Baker, M. 1999.
Peoria Firefighters: A Proud History. 366 pp.(062, 063).
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1990. The Caterpillar Story. 80 pp.
Chillicothe Historical Society. 2011. (091, 093).
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of Historical Steam Traction Engines and Threshing Equipment No. 1. Bonanza
Books, New York 158 pp.
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Boggs Collection).
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IL 124 pp. (087, M1, M0, B0)
Drury, G.H. 1993. Guide to North
American Steam Locomotives. Kalmbach Books, 448 pp.
Edwards, E. 1882. Practical Steam
Engineer's Guide. Henry Carey Baird and Co., Philadelphia, PA. 420 pp (059, 061).
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W. 1876. Edward's Peoria Census Report and Historical and
Statistical
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(073)
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915 pp. (078, 079)
Hayes, W.E. 1953. Iron Road To
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Horn, B. 2011. Collection image. W.
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Hunt, F. 1857. Peoria city and
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University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, VA. 732 pp.
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Locomotives. Bonanza Books, New York. 158 pp. (Best Collection). (047).
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A Pictorial History. G. Bradley Publishing. 160 pp.
Table 1. Manufacture of steam
tractors by Avery Co. after 1900
Horse Power
|
1901 |
1905 |
1906 |
1909 |
1912 |
1913 |
1914 |
1915 |
1917 |
1918 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return flue, 1 cylinder
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
X |
|
|
X |
? |
X |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
X |
?
|
X |
X
|
?
|
X
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
X |
? |
? |
X |
? |
X |
X |
|
|
|
|
20 |
X |
? |
? |
X |
? |
X |
X |
|
|
|
|
22 |
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
22 - 26
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25 |
|
? |
? |
X |
? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
30 |
X |
? |
X |
X |
? |
X |
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return flue, compound
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Undermount, 2 cylinder
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
|
|
|
x |
? |
X |
X |
|
|
|
|
20 |
|
X |
? |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
|
|
22 |
|
? |
X |
X |
? |
X |
X |
|
|
|
|
30 |
|
X |
X |
X |
? |
X |
X |
|
|
|
|
40 |
|
|
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Straight flue, 1 cylinder
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
X |
|
|
|
40* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
?
|
|
50* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
? |
X |
|
65* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
? |
X |
* probably the same as 16,20,25, as
reclassification of horsepower ratings occurred during this period. Larger
sized engines were usually fit as straw burners, and earlier engines were also
available as portables and skids. Based on available issues of The American
Thresher, undermount availability started sometime between January of 1904 (two
page ad shows and describes return flue engines but no undermount) and November
1905 (where undermounts are shown). Listings with "?" indicate likely
production but no listing by the source. Sources: 1901, 1905, 1906, 1909, 1913,
1914, 1915 Avery publications; 1912, Clymer, 1969; l917, 1918 Norbeck, 1976. No
steam engines were listed in 1922 or 1923 Avery product catalogs.
Table 2. Steam Tractor Companies with
Branches in Peoria
1904-1922.
|
Company |
1904 |
1905 |
1906 |
1907 |
1908 |
1909 |
1910 |
1911 |
1912 |
1913 |
1915 |
1920 |
1921 |
1922 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Altman |
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Advance/Rumely |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
Buffalo-Pitts |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Birdsell |
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
X |
|
Case |
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Emerson-Brantingham |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
Garr-Scott |
|
|
X |
X |
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Huber |
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
Minneapolis |
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nichols-Shepard |
|
|
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
|
X |
X |
|
|
|
|
Port Huron
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
|
X |
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
Rumely |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
Russel |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
Wood Brothers
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Listings based on ads in an
incomplete run of issues of The American Thresherman and The Thresherman's
Review
|
